The genetic fingerprint of a metastatic cancer is constantly changing, which means that the therapy that may have stopped a patient’s cancer growth today, won’t necessarily work tomorrow. Although doctors can continue to biopsy the cancer during the course of the treatment and send samples for genomic analysis, not all patients can receive repeat biopsies. Taking biopsies from metastatic cancer patients is an invasive procedure that is frequently impossible due to the lack of accessible lesions. Research recently published in Breast Cancer Research suggests that tumor cells circulating in the blood of metastatic patients could give as accurate a genomic readout as tumor biopsies.1
Sandra V. Fernandez, PhD
“Counting the number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can tell us whether a patient’s cancer is aggressive, or whether it is stable and responding to therapy,” says the article’s first author Sandra V. Fernandez, PhD, assistant professor of medical oncology at Thomas Jefferson University. “Our work suggests that these cancer cells in the blood also accurately reflect the genetic status of the parent tumor or its metastases, potentially giving us a new and easy source of genomic information to guide treatment.”
First discovered for their diagnostic potential in 2004, circulating tumor cells are beginning to be used in the clinic to help guide treatment decisions and track a patient’s progress as the cancer evolves. Although other studies have pooled collected CTCs and compared their collective genetic signature to that of the primary tumor, this is the first study to look at the genomic signature of individual tumor cells in circulation. In order to isolate single tumor cells from the blood, the authors used a new technology available in their laboratory, the DEPArray system by Silicon Biosystems, whose US headquarters are in San Diego.
The researchers compared tissue biopsies surgically removed from two patients with inflammatory breast cancer with circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Breast tissue samples from both patients showed a specific mutation in a region of a cancer-driving gene, p53. The authors studied this mutation in several CTCs isolated from both patients. They found that in several of the CTCs collected, the mutations matched with the tumor biopsy. However, in one patient, some of the circulating tumor cells had an additional mutation.
“Since inflammatory breast cancer is a very rapidly changing disease, we think this additional mutation may have been acquired after the original surgical biopsy was taken,” says Fernandez. In the case where an additional p53 mutation was found, the blood to isolate CTCs was drawn 1 year later than the breast tissue biopsy was taken.
Although further work analyzing a greater number of genes and samples is needed, the work suggests that CTCs offer the possibility of capturing the most current genomic information in an easy-to-obtain sample such as blood, thus helping guide treatment decisions. It also suggests that it may be necessary to test more than one cell for the most accurate reading, as the CTC population appears to be heterogenous.
Reference
1. Fernandez SV, Bingham C, Fittipaldi P, et al. TP53 mutations detected in circulating tumor cells present in the blood of metastatic triple negative breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research. 2014;16(5):445–455; doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0445-3.
